SHEAR. (1) That type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. (2) A type of cutting tool with which a material in the form of wire, sheet, plate or rod is cut between two opposing blades. (3) The type of cutting action produced by rake so that the direction of chip flow is other than at right angles to the cutting edge.
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SUPERCOOLING. Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation.